Community Knowledge

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De fracaso y frustración en el trabajo de campo: cómo asumir la ética de la representación en la investigación participativa [Of failure and frustration in field work —how to assume the ethics of representation in participatory research]
(Universidad Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca, 2013) Oslender, Ulrich
La investigación participativa ha vuelto a la agenda por estos días. Sin duda en la academia convencional ha cobrado mayor aceptación que por allá en la década de 1970, cuando Orlando Fals Borda y otros desarrollaron lo que se dio a conocer como Investigación-Acción Participativa (IAP). Los consejos de investigación muestran cada vez mayor interés en financiar propuestas de investigación en colaboración, al parecer deseosos de escuchar y aprender de las experiencias de grupos subalternos. Lo sorprendente quizás es que muchas de estas investigaciones se reinventan hoy sin referencia siquiera al trabajo pionero de Fals Borda y otros. Otra carencia en los debates metodológicos se refiere a la falta de enfrentar abiertamente problemas de fracaso, decepción o frustración que el académico-activista pueda haber experimentado en el trabajo de campo. En este artículo, quisiera reflexionar sobre una experiencia de investigación en colaboración en la que participé y considerar de manera crítica aquellas situaciones que generaron alguna decepción personal, mostrando así las limitaciones en el campo de la investigación participativa. Hasta ahora me he abstenido de escribir sobre esto, pues plantea problemas éticos significativos en la posible identificación de sujetos de investigación, que hacen parte de esta historia. Sin embargo, creo que es solo mediante el examen crítico y abordando los fracasos y las frustraciones de las agendas de investigación en colaboración que pueden evitarse tales disgustos en el futuro. Cómo escribir sobre estos fracasos es una cuestión que no se responde fácilmente.
The Application of the social sciences’ Contemporary issues to work on participatory action research
(Society for Applied Anthropology, 2008) Fals Borda, Orlando
No one could have been more surprised than I when at the closing session of the 12th International Sympo-N sium on Action Research for Education, held at my home city of Bogotá, Colombia May 14-18, 2007 a number of delegates from Australia, Great Britain and the United States went to the podium to announce that I was the new recipient of the prestigious Bronislaw Malinowski Award of the Society for Applied Anthropology. I should travel to Memphis for this purpose. It is a motive of amazement to find my name in the honor roll together with scientists and authors of my considerable youthful reverence, the masters of my professors-a roster with names such as Gunnar Myrdal, Everett C. Hughes, Laura Thompson, Conrad Arensberg, and Margaret Clark. How did I finally fit into this sacred list? I am not going to question the criteria for choosing. My main duty, I feel, is to examine whether I merit such inclusion from the standpoint of con-tinuity and/or accumulation of science, continuing some of the basic tenets of the discipline I learned in my university years in the United States.
Code of practice for the Tangata Whenua, community and voluntary sector reseach centre
(Tangata Whenua, Community and Voluntary Sector Research Centre, 2007-10-02)
This Code of Practice sets out principles and standards for undertaking ethical and participatory research with the Tangata Whenua, community, and voluntary sector in New Zealand. It gives consideration to achieving greater levels of community participation and self-determination in research processes, and throughout the whole life-cycle of research projects, from design and implementation to reporting and evaluation. Furthermore, it is about recognizing the need to address power imbalances and inequities, and upholding Indigenous Peoples and Tangata Whenua, their own knowledge and tikanga (Maori values) and their rights as communities and peoples, including their ability to make decisions about research, its analysis and reporting. It also includes principles of empowerment, governance, and accountability, reciprocal relations, sustainability, social justice, confidentiality, ownership, and ethical and moral responsibility. Overall, the code focuses on research partnerships in which communities make decisions and are active participants, as well as benefitting directly from research, and in which research processes adopt rights-based approaches that are strengths-focused and contribute to community wellbeing.
From clients to citizens: Asset-based community development as a strategy for community-driven development
(The Coady International Institute, St. Francis Xavier University, 2002-01) Mathie, Alison; Cunningham, Gord
Asset-based community development (ABCD) is presented as an alternative to needs-based approaches to development. Following an overview of the principles and practice of ABCD, five major elements of ABCD are examined in the light of current literature on relevant research and practice. This involves exploring: the theory and practice of appreciative inquiry; the concept of social capital as an asset for community development; the theory of community economic development, such as the sustainable livelihoods approach; lessons learned from two decades of international development in the participatory paradigm; and the theory and practice of building active citizenship engagement and stronger civil society. How ABCD both reflects recent trends in these areas and stands to benefit from the insights generated from this work is outlined.
Community engagement: A critical guide for practitioners
(2017-05) Shaw, Mae; Crowther, Jim
The motivation for this critical guide to community engagement comes primarily from our experience over many years as teachers on undergraduate and postgraduate programmes of community education. These programmes have historically been validated both by the university and the appropriate professional body, so they are firmly located at the interface between academic and vocational standards; between theory and practice. We have found that these different, sometimes contradictory, demands create a productive dynamic which has been at the core of our teaching, our writing and our relationships with the broader field of practice. We consider that an engagement with significant theoretical frameworks, an awareness of important historical traditions and an empathetic identification with the social reality of marginalized groups are all necessary in order to practise critical community engagement.
Guidelines for ethical research in Australian indigenous studies
(Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (AIATSIS), 2012)
The AIATSIS Guidelines for Ethical Research in Australian Indigenous Studies offer a set of rules for carrying out research in and about Indigenous peoples of Australia. According to the guidelines, the diversity, rights, perspectives and self-determination of Indigenous peoples, as well as the protection of cultural heritage, traditional knowledge, cultural expressions and intellectual property of Indigenous peoples should be recognised. Moreover, the guidelines state that Indigenous knowledge, practices and innovations should be acknowledged throughout the process of research. Finally, consultation, negotiation and free, prior and informed consent are set as basic principles of research, meaning that Indigenous peoples should be engaged in the process of research as equals. Consultation, common understanding, cultural appropriateness of research methodology and agreements about ownership, access, publication and research results are highlighted by the guidelines.
Understanding design of organisation
(Participatory Research in Asia (PRIA), 2001-08-25) Tandon, Rajesh
This text by Dr. Rajesh Tandon presents a comprehensive analysis of the structure and process of understanding organizations and NGOs and navigates strategies to their management. The text describes models as conceptual tools for analyzing organizational behaviour, emphasizing the organization as an open social system and provides a systems theory for it. It explains missions and purposes of an organisation and lists its required inputs and desired outputs. The text further identifies and describes five key components of organizational design, technology, tasks, human resources, formal organizational structure, and informal organization. It analyses the concept of congruence, arguing that organizational effectiveness depends on the degree to which these components fit together and presents the congruence hypothesis arguing that greater the fit between components, the more effective the organization will be in achieving its mission. The text identifies types of NGOs and addresses several critical issues for NGO management such as compatibility with organizing elements, size and informal structure, hierarchy, and organisational changes. It further discusses the differences arising from different ideologies and operational strategies and the need for NGOs to manage relationships with multiple constituencies. The text concludes that organizations are complex social systems requiring analysis at multiple levels and aspects and that a successful organisation requires effective division of work and integration of efforts.
Improving participatory water governance in Accra, Ghana
(Centre for International Governance Innovation., 2013-06) Harris, Leila M; Morinville, Cynthia
Harris and Morinville (2013) explore the role of participatory water governance in informal settlements. Their research focuses on Local Water Boards (LWBs) in Ghanaian Accra, where the impact of the participatory approach on water management practices was assessed via surveys, interviews, and consultations. The study discovers that the LWBs can have a positive impact on such outcomes as community participation, consultation, accountability, and water-price regulation. Nevertheless, the researchers also find limitations to the effectiveness of the LWBs in Accra, including lack of awareness, insufficient accountability, water prices’ affordability, volunteerism, and unequal participation. Harris and Morinville conclude that there is a need for increased consultation and awareness, representation, and affordability of water services to achieve equity in water governance successfully. In the overall context of the research, the findings confirm the importance of community participation in sustainable water management.
Participatory impact assessment: Final report on a two-year pilot programme in South Asia and the Pacific
(Voluntary Agency Support Scheme (VASS), 2003-06) Clark, Kevin; Quinn, Marion
How can development interventions become more accountable to the communities they engage with? This report presents the findings and lessons from a two-year Participatory Impact Assessment pilot programme carried out across South Asia and the Pacific with New Zealand NGOs, their regional partners, and local communities. Its central argument is that impact assessment must move beyond measuring short term outputs to understanding long term social change through the active participation of primary stakeholders at every stage of the project cycle. Across multiple case studies involving women’s empowerment, livelihoods, peacebuilding, and community facilitation, the report illustrates how communities can identify indicators, analyse change, and shape future directions of programmes themselves. It highlights key themes such as partnership, stakeholder involvement, gender justice, institutional learning, and the use of participatory tools including mapping, ranking, theatre, focus groups, seasonal analysis, and interviews. The report consistently emphasises that evaluation is not merely a technical review but a democratic and empowering process through which ownership is strengthened, unintended impacts are surfaced, and organisational accountability is deepened
Mapping the assets of your community: A key component for building local capacity
(Southern Rural Development Center, 2002) Beaulieu, Lionel J
Amid growing debates on how best to foster local development, asset-based approaches have emerged as an alternative to problem-driven planning. This paper explores the concept of community asset mapping as a practical strategy for strengthening local capacity. The study contrasts the traditional needs assessment approach with asset mapping, showing how the latter encourages collaboration, reduces dependency, and creates a stronger sense of ownership among community members. Instead of beginning with a list of problems, the discussion emphasizes identifying the skills, talents, and resources that already exist within individuals, institutions, and informal groups. Special attention is given to how local leadership can be discovered and nurtured, and how linking people, organizations, and institutions builds a foundation for sustainable development. The research points toward a way of rethinking development by shifting attention from what is missing to what is already present, leaving open the question of how such a shift might transform community life.

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