Participatory Research
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Item From margins to center? The development and purpose of participatory research(The American Sociologist, 1992) Hall, Budd LThis article documents the development of the libratory stream of participa-tory research as experienced through the activities and connections of one of the key figures in the early development and dissemination of these ideas. It traces the developments in Tanzania in the early 1970s, through the establish-ment of the original Participatory Research Network to the elaboration of theoretical and political debates. It highlights the formulation and elaboration of participatory research as a contribution to social change in a variety of settings. It includes discussions of the feminist advance, the question of voice and the relationship of power to knowledge in transformative practice. It contains an extensive and historically valuable bibliography.Item International collaboration for changing the culture of research: UN SDGs and knowledge for change consortium(2020) Hall, Budd L; Tandon, RajeshDr. Budd L. Hall and Dr. Rajesh Tandon explore the role of international networks in advancing participatory knowledge creation for social change in higher education. They trace the evolution of participatory research from its origins in the 1970s to its institutional development today. . They describe a series of global studies produced under the Chair that document community-university research partnerships across multiple countries and connect this work to the policy debates around the UN Sustainable Development Goals, including the European Union's Responsible Research and Innovation framework. The article outlines three practical ways community-based participatory research (CBPR) can support SDG-linked knowledge, framing research locally, building community knowledge partnerships, and developing new researcher competencies. It also details the Knowledge for Change (K4C) Consortium's Mentor Training Program, which has built research capacity across the global South and the "excluded North" through hubs in eleven countries. Hall and Tandon call for a transformation of research culture toward justice, equity, and community relevance.Item Transformative environmental adult education: Lessons from global social movements(2004) Hall, Budd LHow does learning emerge, and how can it be strengthened, within environmental social movement contexts? In this chapter, Dr. Budd Hall examines the previously unpublished results of the 1993–1994 Transformative Learning Through Environmental Action project (OISE, 1994), which investigated the learning dimension of six environmental action campaigns across Brazil, Canada, El Salvador, Germany, India, Sudan, and Venezuela, all centered on aspects of food security, preservation, and consumption. Hall re-examines these results, considering the growing interest in the theory and practice of environmental adult education, exploring the principles of transformative learning that were derived, the practices and processes that emerged, and the indicators of success that were identified. The chapter affirms that social movements are, among other things, about creating pedagogical spaces for adults to learn to transform their lives and the structures around them and that attending to the learning dimensions of environmental activism is a critical component in social movement strategy.Item Global foundations of community based research(0000) Tandon, Rajesh; Hall, Budd LThis paper by Dr. Budd Hall and Dr. Rajesh Tandon looks back at the origin of participatory research, tracing its evolution from the late 1970s when a small network of like-minded researchers and activists across Toronto, New Delhi, Dar es Salaam, the Netherlands, and Caracas began to challenge the foundations of conventional social science research. It highlights how this early movement grew into a globally recognized approach to knowledge creation and social change. The paper examines the emergence of international and regional networks, the establishment of Participatory Research in Asia (PRIA), and the development of participatory methodologies aimed at social transformation. It also reflects on the challenges participatory research faced in gaining acceptance within academia, where researchers and practitioners often struggled to bridge differences in perspective and practice. Significant developments, including the 1997 Cartagena Congress, the launch of GACER, and the 2012 UNESCO Co-Chairs appointment, marked important steps toward broader recognition. The paper argues that years of participatory research work have slowly changed how knowledge is understood, who gets to produce it, in what settings, and in whose interest. For Hall and Tandon, this shift connects directly to current conversations about knowledge democracy and what higher education institutions owe to the communities around them.Item Towards a new architecture of knowledge: The creation of an office of community-based research at the University of Victoria(2007) Hall, Budd L; Lydon, Maeve; Trapero, JoaquinThis report by Dr. Budd Hall examines the development of a proposed Office of Community-Based Research at the University of Victoria through a 14-month participatory consultation involving faculty, community organizations, and Aboriginal community members. The report is grounded in the principles of engaged scholarship, knowledge mobilization, and participatory research. It challenges traditional views of universities as primary producers of knowledge and highlights the importance of co-created knowledge generated through partnerships with communities and civil society. Through surveys, interviews, workshops, and community dialogues, Hall identifies the structural, cultural, and ethical conditions necessary for effective university–community research partnerships. The report concludes that a dedicated community-based research and knowledge mobilization program can strengthen civic engagement, advance social justice, and support more inclusive approaches to knowledge production in higher education.Item Editorial: Knowledge democracy for a transforming world(UTS ePress, 2020) Hall, Budd L; Tandon, RajeshThe past five decades have seen enormous, worldwide growth in, and appreciation of, knowledge democracy - the discourse which we have found best contains the various theoretical approaches, values and practices within which participatory research exists. This Introduction outlines our understanding of knowledge democracy, which can be expressed by a number of principles: (1) Recognition of a multiplicity of epistemologies and ways of knowing; (2) Openness to assembling, representing and sharing knowledge in multiple forms (including traditional academic formats and all manner of social and arts-based approaches); (3) Recognition that knowledge emerging from the daily lives of excluded persons is an essential tool for social movements and other transformational strategies; and the (4) Requirement to carefully balance the need to protect the ownership of communities' knowledge with the need to share knowledge in a free and open access manner. We are pleased to present five articles from around the world that broaden and deepen our understanding of knowledge democracy -from a theoretical perspective, a practice perspective, an ontological perspective, and an action or political perspective.Item Social movement learning: A contemporary re-examination(2011) Hall, Budd L; Clover, Darlene E.; Crowther, Jim; Scandrett, EurigWhere does the new begin and where does the old end in social movement learning? In this essay, Budd L. Hall, along with Darlene E. Clover, Jim Crowther and Eurig Scandrett, revisit the long-standing distinction between ‘old’ social movements, historically associated with labour struggles and socialist ideologies, and ‘new’ social movements centred on identity politics and recognition. While these categories have been analytically useful, the authors argue that they are increasingly insufficient for understanding the complex social subjects and struggles emerging in the contemporary moment. The demands, assertions and pedagogical practices of movements do not fall neatly into dichotomies; rather, they overlap, intersect and generate new forms of collective learning. Drawing on diverse examples from movements in Brazil, the UK, Venezuela, Argentina, India, Ghana and beyond, the essay highlights both ‘learning in’ movements through participation and struggle, and ‘learning from’ movements as processes of wider public education. In doing so, Dr. Hall emphasises the need for newer pedagogies and newer forms of theorising to understand social movements comprehensively in ways that can guide meaningful social action.Item Breaking the monopoly of knowledge: research methods, participation and development(1977) Hall, Budd LWhy do we undertake research, and in whose interests does it operate? In this essay, Dr. Budd Hall critically examines the dominant top down traditions of research in adult education and questions their claims to objectivity. He argues that conventional survey based approaches often extract information from communities while offering little in return. They produce knowledge that can be inaccurate, alienating, and detached from tangible social action. Engaging with radical educators and theorists such as Paulo Freire, Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss, Hall outlines the foundations of an alternative participatory research approach. This approach views knowledge as collectively produced and rooted in lived experience rather than imposed by external experts. Research, in this framing, becomes a process of dialogue, reflection, and action directed toward liberation and social transformation. The essay invites readers to reconsider the purpose of research itself and to imagine methodologies that expand human creative potential while challenging entrenched hierarchies of knowledge and power.Item Participation, planning and international cooperation: reflections on the tanzanian experience(1975-05) Hall, Budd LWhat can development look like for a newly independent Third World nation? Emphasising the core principles of socialism and self-reliance, Dr. Budd Hall reflects in this paper on the directions Tanzania chose in making development planning participatory and in shaping its approach to international cooperation. Education is presented as fundamentally tied to national development, with its centrality illustrated through several case studies, including the Adult Education Network, the Man is Health campaign, and the Kwasisi Project. Through discussions of their motivations, processes, effects, and modes of evaluation, the article highlights how education functioned as a key instrument across multiple levels of development planning. Drawing on experience, historical insight, and policy analysis, the paper shows how Tanzania sought to situate its development efforts firmly within its stated principles while placing education at the centre of social transformation.Item Evaluation of adult education in Tanzania: A status report(University of Dar es Salaam, 1971-02-13) Hall, Budd LTanzania has placed significant focus on adult education, a commitment evident since the beginning of the Second Five Year Plan (1969–74). This report by Dr. Budd Hall emphasizes the need to evaluate the status of adult education in the country. The objectives of adult education programmes have been to teach basic reading, writing, and problem-solving skills to facilitate meaningful participation of young people in family life, community life and in the larger development of the nation. However, dropout numbers have remained high, and attendance rates continue to be low. The evaluation of these programmes has been divided into several components, including the assessment of baseline data, interim surveys, and technical surveys. This report explores the reasons why it is necessary to examine how effective these education programmes have been, what have been the shortcomings and how future efforts can be guided.
