Community-Based Participatory Research

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    Report of the meeting on participatory research held at Dehradun, India April 22-24, 1983
    (Participatory Research in Asia (PRIA), 1983) Society for Participatory Research in Asia
    This report is about a three-day meeting on Participatory Research (PR) held in Dehradun, India, in April 1983, organized by the Society for Participatory Research in Asia (PRIA). It was attended by twenty-four participants, who discussed the role of ideology in PR, and the overlapping nature of participatory research, evaluation, and training. The meeting also explored the complex and often conflicting roles researchers assume in the field, illustrated through a participant's work with a Dalit theatre group. To examine these issues further, participants formed four interest groups. These groups focused on primary education, forest studies, baseline survey design, and women's issues, highlighting distinct methodological tensions in each area. The report closes with a review of PRIA's role as a support organization and suggestions for its future direction, including promoting PR more widely, producing materials in local languages, and building a resource pool of trained practitioners.
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    From margins to center? The development and purpose of participatory research
    (The American Sociologist, 1992) Hall, Budd L
    This article documents the development of the libratory stream of participa-tory research as experienced through the activities and connections of one of the key figures in the early development and dissemination of these ideas. It traces the developments in Tanzania in the early 1970s, through the establish-ment of the original Participatory Research Network to the elaboration of theoretical and political debates. It highlights the formulation and elaboration of participatory research as a contribution to social change in a variety of settings. It includes discussions of the feminist advance, the question of voice and the relationship of power to knowledge in transformative practice. It contains an extensive and historically valuable bibliography.
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    Involving communities in planning and assessing the impacts of development programmes: Report on a pacific NGO workshop on participatory approaches to development, Nadi, Fiji, 23–25 June
    (2023-06-23) Quinn, Marion; Clark, Kevin
    This report documents a Pacific NGO workshop on participatory approaches to development held in Fiji in 2003, aimed at strengthening the capacities of civil society organisations to use participatory impact assessment, stakeholder analysis, indicator setting, and community based monitoring in their own contexts. Its central concern is how development can move beyond expert driven models toward processes where primary stakeholders influence decisions, resources, and outcomes. The report covers practical sessions on identifying stakeholders, understanding gender relations, designing meaningful indicators, collecting and analysing data, and using participatory tools such as mapping, ranking, focus groups, seasonal calendars, and time use studies. Through examples from Pacific countries, it shows how communities can define priorities, generate knowledge, and evaluate change on their own terms. This report offers an important lesson that monitoring and evaluation are not merely technical exercises but democratic processes linked to power, voice, and accountability. It demonstrates that when communities participate from the beginning of a project cycle, development interventions become more relevant, more sustainable, and more responsive to local realities.
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    Participatory impact assessment. August 20- 25, 2001
    (Particiaptory Research in Asia (PRIA), 2001-08-25) Dwivedi, Anju
    How can development interventions be made more accountable to the people they are meant to serve? In this paper, Anju Dwivedi examines how participatory impact assessment can reframe conventional approaches to evaluation by placing communities at the center of the process. She begins by tracing shifts in development thinking from a focus on economic growth in the 1950s to an increasing emphasis on participation and human development by the 1990s, where people’s involvement became central. Dwivedi argues that social development is not a linear process that can be captured through simple output and outcome measures. Impact must instead be understood as change from a given starting point, including intended and unintended effects on people’s lives. Participatory impact assessment therefore becomes a continuous process across the project cycle, engaging communities and other stakeholders in defining indicators, collecting data, and interpreting findings. The paper also foregrounds the importance of integrating a gender lens to understand differentiated impacts. For practitioners and researchers, this paper offers a grounded way to rethink impact assessment as a political and learning process rather than a technical exercise.
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    Social development monitoring: A process to ensure accountability
    (Prashasnika A Journal of Administrative Processes, 2006-12) Dwivedi, Anju
    What does it mean to monitor development processes, and who holds the power to do so? In this paper, Anju Dwivedi situates social development monitoring within the broader shift toward people centred development that emerged in the 1990s, where participation became central to planning and implementation. Instead of viewing monitoring as a technical exercise carried out by experts, the paper argues for a process rooted in community participation, where citizens continuously observe, question, and engage with development interventions. Social development monitoring is presented as a means of strengthening accountability and governance by creating spaces for those historically excluded to articulate concerns, influence decisions, and exercise control over resources. The process moves beyond an instrumental function of tracking outcomes, and instead operates as a political act that redistributes power and challenges hierarchical decision making structures. By involving communities in identifying issues, generating information, and taking collective action, monitoring becomes a site of learning and citizenship in practice. The paper ultimately positions social development monitoring as a process that not only ensures accountability but also enables communities to shape development pathways in ways that reflect their own priorities, knowledge, and autonomy.
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    Transformative environmental adult education: Lessons from global social movements
    (2004) Hall, Budd L
    How does learning emerge, and how can it be strengthened, within environmental social movement contexts? In this chapter, Dr. Budd Hall examines the previously unpublished results of the 1993–1994 Transformative Learning Through Environmental Action project (OISE, 1994), which investigated the learning dimension of six environmental action campaigns across Brazil, Canada, El Salvador, Germany, India, Sudan, and Venezuela, all centered on aspects of food security, preservation, and consumption. Hall re-examines these results, considering the growing interest in the theory and practice of environmental adult education, exploring the principles of transformative learning that were derived, the practices and processes that emerged, and the indicators of success that were identified. The chapter affirms that social movements are, among other things, about creating pedagogical spaces for adults to learn to transform their lives and the structures around them and that attending to the learning dimensions of environmental activism is a critical component in social movement strategy.
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    A Northeastern Brazilian: Memories of Paulo Freire
    (2018) Hall, Budd L
    How do personal memories illuminate the enduring legacy of one of the twentieth century's most influential pedagogical thinkers? This paper presents Dr. Budd Hall's reflection on his experience with Paulo Freire and the influence of Freire’s pedagogical ideas on adult education and social transformation. Hall’s engagement with Freire’s work began in 1970 while working at the University of Dar es Salaam, when Tanzania was developing a nationwide adult literacy campaign under President Nyerere. The paper highlights his commitment to social transformation through education, emphasizing the influence of Marxist and humanistic psychology. He created a discourse, a set of words and concepts that fit our world so well. ‘Banking education,' 'conscientization,' ‘problem-based education,' ‘thematic investigation,' and ‘codifications’ shaped educational thought and practice. The paper also traces a longer relationship with Freire through the International Council for Adult Education and various international gatherings over the following decades. The memoir concludes with an original poem, “Surf on Paulino,” written on the first anniversary of Freire’s death, celebrating his intellectual legacy, his warmth, and his place in the tradition of Brazilian mysticism.
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    Social movement learning: A contemporary re-examination
    (2011) Hall, Budd L; Clover, Darlene E.; Crowther, Jim; Scandrett, Eurig
    Where does the new begin and where does the old end in social movement learning? In this essay, Budd L. Hall, along with Darlene E. Clover, Jim Crowther and Eurig Scandrett, revisit the long-standing distinction between ‘old’ social movements, historically associated with labour struggles and socialist ideologies, and ‘new’ social movements centred on identity politics and recognition. While these categories have been analytically useful, the authors argue that they are increasingly insufficient for understanding the complex social subjects and struggles emerging in the contemporary moment. The demands, assertions and pedagogical practices of movements do not fall neatly into dichotomies; rather, they overlap, intersect and generate new forms of collective learning. Drawing on diverse examples from movements in Brazil, the UK, Venezuela, Argentina, India, Ghana and beyond, the essay highlights both ‘learning in’ movements through participation and struggle, and ‘learning from’ movements as processes of wider public education. In doing so, Dr. Hall emphasises the need for newer pedagogies and newer forms of theorising to understand social movements comprehensively in ways that can guide meaningful social action.
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    A Canadian approach to higher education, community-engagement and the public good: The future of continuing education
    (2009) Hall, Budd L
    What is the relationship between society and universities in the 21st century? In this article, Budd L Hall reflects on the future direction of Canadian higher education and its responsibility to the public good. Situating his argument within long-standing debates in continuing education, he examines how universities are increasingly shaped by market pressures, corporatisation, and funding constraints. Instead of framing social justice and economic concerns as oppositional, Hall calls for a more integrated approach that recognises the interdependence of markets, communities, and democratic life. Drawing on decades of work in community-based research and engagement, he argues that universities must move towards institutionalising meaningful partnerships with communities. Community-based research, he suggests, should be embedded within teaching and research practices as a pathway to social action. In conclusion, this article invites readers to reconsider how higher education institutions can remain socially relevant by strengthening their civic role and deepening their accountability to the communities they serve.