Community-Based Participatory Research

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    From margins to center? The development and purpose of participatory research
    (The American Sociologist, 1992) Hall, Budd L
    This article documents the development of the libratory stream of participa-tory research as experienced through the activities and connections of one of the key figures in the early development and dissemination of these ideas. It traces the developments in Tanzania in the early 1970s, through the establish-ment of the original Participatory Research Network to the elaboration of theoretical and political debates. It highlights the formulation and elaboration of participatory research as a contribution to social change in a variety of settings. It includes discussions of the feminist advance, the question of voice and the relationship of power to knowledge in transformative practice. It contains an extensive and historically valuable bibliography.
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    Research, commitment and action: The role of participatory research
    (International Review of Education, 1981) Hall, Budd L
    The author discusses the development and practice of participatory research as both a method and strategy of social investigation and social action within an adult education framework. Participatory research is compared with traditional research strategies, and its defining principles are outlined, together with specific examples of its application and practical issues both today and in the future.
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    Involving communities in planning and assessing the impacts of development programmes: Report on a pacific NGO workshop on participatory approaches to development, Nadi, Fiji, 23–25 June
    (2023-06-23) Quinn, Marion; Clark, Kevin
    This report documents a Pacific NGO workshop on participatory approaches to development held in Fiji in 2003, aimed at strengthening the capacities of civil society organisations to use participatory impact assessment, stakeholder analysis, indicator setting, and community based monitoring in their own contexts. Its central concern is how development can move beyond expert driven models toward processes where primary stakeholders influence decisions, resources, and outcomes. The report covers practical sessions on identifying stakeholders, understanding gender relations, designing meaningful indicators, collecting and analysing data, and using participatory tools such as mapping, ranking, focus groups, seasonal calendars, and time use studies. Through examples from Pacific countries, it shows how communities can define priorities, generate knowledge, and evaluate change on their own terms. This report offers an important lesson that monitoring and evaluation are not merely technical exercises but democratic processes linked to power, voice, and accountability. It demonstrates that when communities participate from the beginning of a project cycle, development interventions become more relevant, more sustainable, and more responsive to local realities.
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    Participatory impact assessment. August 20- 25, 2001
    (Particiaptory Research in Asia (PRIA), 2001-08-25) Dwivedi, Anju
    How can development interventions be made more accountable to the people they are meant to serve? In this paper, Anju Dwivedi examines how participatory impact assessment can reframe conventional approaches to evaluation by placing communities at the center of the process. She begins by tracing shifts in development thinking from a focus on economic growth in the 1950s to an increasing emphasis on participation and human development by the 1990s, where people’s involvement became central. Dwivedi argues that social development is not a linear process that can be captured through simple output and outcome measures. Impact must instead be understood as change from a given starting point, including intended and unintended effects on people’s lives. Participatory impact assessment therefore becomes a continuous process across the project cycle, engaging communities and other stakeholders in defining indicators, collecting data, and interpreting findings. The paper also foregrounds the importance of integrating a gender lens to understand differentiated impacts. For practitioners and researchers, this paper offers a grounded way to rethink impact assessment as a political and learning process rather than a technical exercise.
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    Social development monitoring: A process to ensure accountability
    (Prashasnika A Journal of Administrative Processes, 2006-12) Dwivedi, Anju
    What does it mean to monitor development processes, and who holds the power to do so? In this paper, Anju Dwivedi situates social development monitoring within the broader shift toward people centred development that emerged in the 1990s, where participation became central to planning and implementation. Instead of viewing monitoring as a technical exercise carried out by experts, the paper argues for a process rooted in community participation, where citizens continuously observe, question, and engage with development interventions. Social development monitoring is presented as a means of strengthening accountability and governance by creating spaces for those historically excluded to articulate concerns, influence decisions, and exercise control over resources. The process moves beyond an instrumental function of tracking outcomes, and instead operates as a political act that redistributes power and challenges hierarchical decision making structures. By involving communities in identifying issues, generating information, and taking collective action, monitoring becomes a site of learning and citizenship in practice. The paper ultimately positions social development monitoring as a process that not only ensures accountability but also enables communities to shape development pathways in ways that reflect their own priorities, knowledge, and autonomy.
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    A Northeastern Brazilian: Memories of Paulo Freire
    (2018) Hall, Budd L
    How do personal memories illuminate the enduring legacy of one of the twentieth century's most influential pedagogical thinkers? This paper presents Dr. Budd Hall's reflection on his experience with Paulo Freire and the influence of Freire’s pedagogical ideas on adult education and social transformation. Hall’s engagement with Freire’s work began in 1970 while working at the University of Dar es Salaam, when Tanzania was developing a nationwide adult literacy campaign under President Nyerere. The paper highlights his commitment to social transformation through education, emphasizing the influence of Marxist and humanistic psychology. He created a discourse, a set of words and concepts that fit our world so well. ‘Banking education,' 'conscientization,' ‘problem-based education,' ‘thematic investigation,' and ‘codifications’ shaped educational thought and practice. The paper also traces a longer relationship with Freire through the International Council for Adult Education and various international gatherings over the following decades. The memoir concludes with an original poem, “Surf on Paulino,” written on the first anniversary of Freire’s death, celebrating his intellectual legacy, his warmth, and his place in the tradition of Brazilian mysticism.
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    Social movement learning: A contemporary re-examination
    (2011) Hall, Budd L; Clover, Darlene E.; Crowther, Jim; Scandrett, Eurig
    Where does the new begin and where does the old end in social movement learning? In this essay, Budd L. Hall, along with Darlene E. Clover, Jim Crowther and Eurig Scandrett, revisit the long-standing distinction between ‘old’ social movements, historically associated with labour struggles and socialist ideologies, and ‘new’ social movements centred on identity politics and recognition. While these categories have been analytically useful, the authors argue that they are increasingly insufficient for understanding the complex social subjects and struggles emerging in the contemporary moment. The demands, assertions and pedagogical practices of movements do not fall neatly into dichotomies; rather, they overlap, intersect and generate new forms of collective learning. Drawing on diverse examples from movements in Brazil, the UK, Venezuela, Argentina, India, Ghana and beyond, the essay highlights both ‘learning in’ movements through participation and struggle, and ‘learning from’ movements as processes of wider public education. In doing so, Dr. Hall emphasises the need for newer pedagogies and newer forms of theorising to understand social movements comprehensively in ways that can guide meaningful social action.
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    A Canadian approach to higher education, community-engagement and the public good: The future of continuing education
    (2009) Hall, Budd L
    This work addresses the vital role of Community-University Engagement (CUE) in Canadian higher education as a critical strategy for responding to major global challenges like social injustice and climate change. It is argued that the collective resources of universities are the largest under-utilized assets for community change and sustainability. This work introduces the CUE Factor as a triangle encompassing “Community-Based Experiential Learning”, “Community-Based Research (CBR), and Community-Based Continuing Education” , defining CBR as a collaborative, democratizing process aimed at “social action and justice”. While Continuing Education (CE) units have over a century of experience and a strong base in lifelong learning, they face significant challenges, including declining institutional support and a perceived distance from the university's core academic and research functions. Therefore, this paper proposes an agenda for action to position CE centrally within the CUE movement, recommending that CE units strengthen their research profiles, lead university-wide discussions on civic engagement, and forge action alliances with community organizations to ensure universities meet their obligation to contribute to social transformation.