Participatory Action Research
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Item Influencing a global movement: Notes the founding of the Consejo de educacion de adultos de America Latina (CEAAL)(0000) Hall, Budd LIn this piece, Budd L. Hall recalls how the Consejo de Educación de Adultos de América Latina (CEAAL) came to be founded. He starts with the creation of the International Council for Adult Education (ICAE) after the 1972 UNESCO conference in Tokyo, and his own work with the Chilean sociologist Francisco Vio Grossi on a participatory research network. The account then follows the 1979 ICAE meeting in Helsinki, where the decision was made to back Vio Grossi and the popular education movement in organising a Latin American body. It describes the Caracas meeting that led to CEAAL in 1982, and the 1985 World Assembly in Buenos Aires, where CEAAL held its first General Assembly. Hall offers these as personal reflections on the early years.Item Participatory Research in Asia(1980) Tandon, RajeshThis volume represents a major step in the Participatory Research Project (PRP) in Asia and is the first publication of its kind in the region. It has now been a little over two years since the project was started by the International Council for Adult Education. The PRP has been implemented through the creation and strengthening of five regional networks, and I have been acting as the coordinator of the Asian Regional Network for the past 18 months. A statement of the objectives of the Participatory Research Project and Network is included as an appendix. This volume draws together emergent theoretical concerns of Participatory Research (PR) in Asia, a set of case studies illustrating some of the under-lying principles and methodologies, some short discussion notes, and key reports from regional and sub-regional meetings. The purposes of this volume are manifold: first, this volume will present to the members of the network as well as those interested in PR, the current 'state of the art' in PR: it is intended to initiate a series of such volumes in Asia which will reflect the evolving character of PR as a concept and methodology: second, this volume is intended to stimulate further writing on and documentation of PR. I believe that a significantly greater amount of work is going on in Asia than is represented here. This is a weakness of the present volume: it is heavily biased in favour of some countries, especially India, than others. I do believe that other countries of Asia have a lot of exciting material to contribute to PR. I hope this volume will stimulate a more active circulation of already existing materials. Finally, this volume is intended to be a report on what has been happening in PR in Asia through exchanges across the region. Already four meetings/workshops have been organized on PR in Asia, and it is planned to hold many more within and across the region in the coming years.Item Voices of change: participatory research in the United States and Canada(BERGIN & GARVEY, 1993) Park, Peter; Brydon-Miller, Mary; Hall, Budd L; Jackson, TedThis book is a collection of articles which focus on the North American experience in participatory research. The authors have all been directly engaged in participatory research. Some of us have also been involved in theoretical elaboration and quite a few of us have been involved with creating or maintaining networks, centers, or other structures which support the work of many other organizations and individuals. I would submit that the fact that each of us has been engaged in practical, theoretical, and institutional aspects of the participatory research discourse gives our work its flavor.Item Description of the methods of participation research(1978) Le Boterf, GuyThe article describes a research method used to identify the basic educational needs of rural populations in six villages in Central America. The research method is an approach that combines experimental research with a participatory survey of the community to identify educational needs. The communities participated by defining the problems they were facing, discussing their situation, identifying their educational needs, and developing possible solutions. This is different from a typical survey, since community members were given an active role in the research activities. Moreover, they provided feedback and were actively involved in discussions at various stages of the study and research process. This allowed the researchers to discuss and analyse the results with the community and to use their feedback in understanding and addressing specific problems. The study began with an initial exploration of the community, followed by the identification and prioritisation of needs, setting educational goals, developing strategies, discussion with the community, and implementation of the strategies. Researchers and technical specialists acted as facilitators and educators rather than being the sole producers of knowledge. The study links research, education, and community action, which is intended not only to analyse the situation in the communities but also to contribute to solving the problems that were identified.Item Participatory research: A new methodology for adult educators?(National Center for Research in Vocational Education, 1979) Griffith, William S; Cristarella, Mary CParticipatory research is a term which has been appearing within the past several years in international adult education conferences and which some commentators believe has the potential of redirecting research within the field of adult education. The International Conference on Adult Education and Development held in Dar-es-Salaam in June, 1976, proposed that "all adult educators should receive training in the theory and practice of participatory research as well as in complementary quantitative research techniques" (Dar-es-Salaam Design for Action, 1976, p.32). The UNESCO program action plan for 1977-1982 includes the support of future participatory research (Hurly, 1976). Cain states "the forces producing the demand for something called 'participatory research' are numerous and compelling" (Cain, 1977, p.7).Item Building capacity through action learning(Institute for Development Research (IDR) Reports, 1993) Leach, MarkThe ability to learn from experience is critical for individuals and organizations seeking to be effective in rapidly changing and complex situations. Educators, corporate managers, public administrators, and grass roots activists have all been challenged by the dilemmas of learning from action and experience. While using many different terms (including action research, action science, experiential learning, participatory research, organizational learning, learning systems, etc.) these people have developed a rich and varied set of insights into facilitating what might be generally called "action learning." The purpose of this paper is to review several streams of work related to action learning (AL), and to consolidate some of the key principles in an effort to help organizations expand their capacity to develop action learning strategies. Particular attention will be paid to the relevance of action learning principles for non-governmental and community based organizations (NGOs and CBOs).Item Report of the international workshop PRA, literacy and empowerment: The reflect method(1994) Actionaid Bangladesh; Campaign for Popular Education (CAMPE)The report discusses participatory research and its use in communities through PAR, PRA, and the reflect method. The report emphasizes that communities should not be passive providers of knowledge for research but active participants in diagnosing problems, sharing their knowledge, and finding solutions to these problems. The report provides many examples of participatory research from Caribbean, Africa, South Asia, Latin America, Canada, Indigenous knowledge, adult literacy, empowerment, and social change. The report also recognizes some of the challenges that participatory research faces, such as ensuring rigorous research, combining the expertise of professionals and community members, and applying research findings to actual action. Overall, the report shows that participatory research is used to make research more relevant to the communities in which it is conducted.Item From margins to center? The development and purpose of participatory research(The American Sociologist, 1992) Hall, Budd LThis article documents the development of the libratory stream of participa-tory research as experienced through the activities and connections of one of the key figures in the early development and dissemination of these ideas. It traces the developments in Tanzania in the early 1970s, through the establish-ment of the original Participatory Research Network to the elaboration of theoretical and political debates. It highlights the formulation and elaboration of participatory research as a contribution to social change in a variety of settings. It includes discussions of the feminist advance, the question of voice and the relationship of power to knowledge in transformative practice. It contains an extensive and historically valuable bibliography.Item Participatory training for promotion of social development(1996) Acharya, Binoy; Verma, ShaliniHow can participatory training and learning be undertaken with disadvantaged groups? In this article, Binoy Acharya and Shalini Verma discuss approaches to training that move beyond the mere transfer of information and place people’s confidence, experience, and critical awareness at the center. They argue that many marginalised communities have long experienced the devaluation of their own knowledge and capacities, which weakens participation and self belief. Therefore, participatory training must begin by helping people analyse their own realities, articulate their experiences, and recognise what they need to learn further. The article highlights the important role of grassroots trainers in understanding why people do not participate- including fear, exclusion, low confidence, and past experiences of being ignored. Training is therefore presented as a process of creating safe spaces for dialogue, reflection, and collective learning. Drawing from training designs adopted by Gujarat based NGOs, the authors show how structured modules on facilitation, group dynamics, self development, and training methods can build local leadership. Participatory training is thus presented as a means of fostering critical thinking, restoring confidence, and strengthening people’s capacities for social change.Item Participatory training and self development(0000) Acharya, Binoy; Verma, ShaliniHow should training be undertaken to encourage critical thinking and instill confidence in people? In this article, Binoy Acharya and Shalini Verma discuss the growing emphasis on training within the development sector while questioning approaches that reduce training to the mere transfer of information or techniques. They argue that many people, especially the poor and marginalised, experience the systematic devaluation of their own knowledge and capacities which weakens self confidence and participation. For this reason, simply providing more skills cannot by itself lead to empowerment, though external knowledge may still be useful. The focus of training, they argue, must be to foster critical thinking so that people can analyse their own realities, articulate their experiences, and identify what they need to learn further. Participatory training is highlighted as a process that breaks the culture of silence, restores faith in people’s own knowledge, and builds confidence for collective action. Social development, the authors emphasise, begins with the development of the self.